Internet Censorship :: essays research papers

Web Censorship For a considerable length of time governments have attempted to ordinary materials regarded unseemly or hostile. The historical backdrop of western control was said to have started when Socrates was charged "firstly, of denying the divine beings perceived by the State and presenting new divinities, and also of debasing the young." He was condemned to death for these wrongdoings. Numerous advanced governments are endeavoring to control access to the Internet. They are passing guidelines that confine the opportunity individuals once underestimated.      The Internet is an overall system that ought not be directed or edited by any on nation. It is a perplexing and boundless system which permits endless prospects and would be affected adversely by the guidelines and control that a few nations are determined to building up. Laws that are implied for different sorts of correspondence won't really apply in this medium. There are no physical areas where correspondences happen, making it hard to figure out where infringement of the law ought to be arraigned. There is secrecy on the Internet thus ages and characters are not known this makes it difficult to decide whether criminal operations are occurring with respect to individuals under the legitimate age. Too, it is hard to totally erase discourse once it has been posted, Meaning that dispersing materials that are vulgar are prohibited turns out to be simple      The American Library Association (ALA) has a definition that states restriction is â€Å"the change in the entrance status of material, made by an administering authority or its agents. Such changes include: avoidance, limitation, expel, or age/grade level changes.† This definition, in any case, has a defect in that it just remembers one type of control legislative restriction.      Cyberspace, a typical name for the Net, has been characterized by one creator as being "made up of a large number of individuals who speak with each other through PCs. It is additionally "information put away on a large number of PCs around the world, open to others through phone lines and other correspondence channels "that" make up what is known as cyberspace." a similar creator proceeded to state " term itself is subtle, since it isn't so much a physical element as a depiction of an intangible."      The multifaceted nature of the Internet is shown through its numerous parts. The most promptly recognizable part is the World Wide Web (WWW). This comprises of pages that can be gotten to using an internet browser. Pages are made utilizing a fundamental programming language. Another without any problem recognized segment of the Internet is email. Indeed it is a generally easy to use specialized gadget. Some different less advertised areas of the Web include: Internet Relay Chat (IRC), which permits ongoing talking to

Susan Glaspell’s Trifles

Susan Glaspell’s 1916 play titled â€Å"Trifles† utilizes numerous components of show, for example, style and scene through the activities of the two ladies as they scavenge through a strangely muddled kitchen to create multifaceted nature and hold the consideration of the crowd until the end. Glaspell utilizes incongruity and normal misguided judgments to pass on her amazing message â€Å"Trifles† is likewise a play that mirrors an away from of sex and sex jobs. Glaspell, a women's activist essayist, composes plays that are known for their improvement of profound, thoughtful characters that have solid rules that merit going to bat for (Holstein 288). Trifles† opens up in its setting, which is a rustic region of Nebraska in a recently deserted farmhouse kitchen having a place with the Wright family. The play is composed from two alternate points of view. The points of view incorporate a male’s, which incorporate George Henderson, the district lawyer, Henry Peter, the sheriff, and Lewis Hale, a neighboring rancher, and a female’s, which incorporates Mrs. Peter’s, the spouse of Henry Peters and Mrs. Solidness, the spouse of Lewis Hale. The male characters go into the house as a wrongdoing scene. The province lawyer does the examination in a methodical manner by talking the key observer and requesting the realities as it were. â€Å"The crowd hears just male voices for the principal quarter of the play as they go from space to room routinely until they don't left anything out, ‘Nothing of importance’† (Holstein 283). The females of the play were exceptionally reluctant to go into the house. The starting scene portrays, â€Å"The ladies have come in gradually, and stand near one another close the door† (Glaspell 958). The ladies go into the house as a home as opposed to a wrongdoing scene. They are there just to assemble things for the detained, Mrs. Wright. They are extremely anxious and bashful, which can be dictated by the style that Glaspell employments. Numerous runs are utilized as the ladies talk gradually and mindfully in the home where a man was simply killed. Seeing the bread outside the breadbox, the messed up natural product containers, and the recliner that Mrs. Wright was sitting in when the supposed homicide that Mrs. Solidness nearly sat in making it rock to and fro completely surprised and made the ladies uncomfortable as they pondered around the house (Glaspell 962). These subtleties likewise assume a job in the scene that Glaspell is making. As the play advances, they can place themselves in Mrs. Wright’s position, making them progressively agreeable as they investigate the natural kitchen. Mrs. Robust has been Mrs. Wright’s neighbor for quite a long time and realizes that it is so difficult to stay aware of the cleaning and womanly errands of the home, which is the reason she is irate when the men are nosing about and making a decision about her (Glaspell 962). She reviews when â€Å"Minnie Foster, presently Mrs. Wright, wore a white dress with blue strips and stood up in the ensemble and sang† (Glaspell 968). As the ladies discover the birdcage and later find the dead fledgling enclosed by a lovely box and acknowledge what has occurred in the Wright’s home, they start to feel for her. They first consider â€Å"the forlorn calm of her childless farmhouse† (Holstein 285). Mrs. Robust â€Å"mourns the loss of Mrs. Wright’s saved natural product, recollecting her own difficult work during canning season† (Holstein 286). Just because all through the play, Mrs. Peter’s mollifies to Minnie’s circumstance recalling the time a kid killed her little cat and murmured, â€Å"If they hadn’t kept me down I would haveâ€hurt him† (Glaspell 967). Holstein makes reference to, â€Å"She additionally ponders the tranquility of her old estate after her first infant passed on and thinks about it to Minnie’s solitude† (286). Unmistakably the ladies can identify with Minnie Wright in light of the fact that â€Å"they share her experience† (Holstein 286). The play starts to be amusing as the men prod and deprecate the ladies by making jokes about their â€Å"trifles†, for example, regardless of whether Mrs. Wright would sew or hitch her blanket. â€Å"Mrs. Sound says, angrily, â€Å"I don’t know as there’s anything so abnormal, our takin’ up our time with seemingly insignificant details while we’re sitting tight for them to get the evidence† (Glaspell 964). Holstein brings up that proof is just the â€Å"little things† (284). The principal play that was examined was â€Å"a neighbor’s visit†, which Mrs. Sound has continuous blame about all through the play. â€Å"Mrs. Robust watches, â€Å"We live near one another and we live far separated. We as a whole experience the equivalent thingsâ€it’s all only an alternate sort of the equivalent thing† (Holstein 287). Different instances of their wastes of time that are talked about are things, for example, the birdcage that no longer has a feathered creature in it and the square of blanket that isn't close to as perfect as the others. These â€Å"trifles† become significant proof in the killing of John Wright, yet are left well enough alone by the ladies. The ladies unexpectedly become the primary characters of this homicide puzzle, which was pivotal in the time that Glaspell composed this play. The men apparently vanish as the ladies naturally reveal the puzzle for themselves piece by piece giving them a specific control over the men. In the start of the play, the ladies hush up from â€Å"powerlessness†, yet by the end â€Å"Mrs. Sound and Mrs. Subsides eventually discover power in being debased, for their low status permits them to stay silent at he play’s end. † The ladies are a lot of like â€Å"servants and other limited groups†, for they are permitted to know about subjects â€Å"because it is expected they won't have the option to utilize it† (Holstein 284). By not turning Mrs. Wright in, Mrs. Subsides unmistakably rolls out an improvement from the beginning of the play as far as possible. Mrs. Solidness is fortunately ready to change Mrs. Peters’ beginning idea on the disclosure of Mrs. Wright being a killer, which was the possibility that â€Å"The law must rebuff crimes† (Glaspell 968). The men enter the kitchen again subsequent to completing these examinations without any information on the homicide than when they began. The area lawyer ignores the fool of Mrs. Wright fearing felines when he addresses the unfilled birdcage, which could have been conceivable proof. Mrs. Sound lied and stated, â€Å"We thinkâ€the feline got it† (Glaspell 697). Holstein makes reference to, â€Å"Perhaps Mrs. Hale’s comment is an angled reference to the women’s quiet, as in the old inquiry ‘has is speaking up is now out of the question? ’† The lawyer is just inspired by the â€Å"visible evidence† of the homicide (Holstein 285). At long last the women’s quiet is not, at this point a â€Å"silence of powerlessness†, yet an intensity of â€Å"intention and choice† (Holstein 284). The plays last line is the most impressive line. The district lawyer comments snidely, â€Å"Well Henry, in any event we discovered that she was not going to knit it. She was going toâ€what is it that you call it, women? † and Mrs. Robust reacted, â€Å"We call itâ€knot it, Mr. Henderson† (Glaspell 968). Holstein talks about that â€Å"Mrs. Sound and Mrs. Diminishes deliberately â€Å"knot† their insight and do â€Å"not† share it. There quiet has become a characteristic of their solidarity, a refusal to imperil a sister. She closes her article with a fundamental outline of the men in the play by expressing, â€Å"For the men in the play, [the women’s] mystery stays an unfamiliar trifle† (Holstein 290). Numerous parts of Glaspell’s â€Å"Trifles† make it a moving play with a basic, yet incredible subject of ladies in this timespan being ground-breaking similarly that they are frail; peacefully. As a women's activist, Glaspell can give ladies the intensity of utilizing trifles and womanly worries that men giggle at to comprehend a homicide puzzle with hard proof, and furthermore enables them to stand up for a kindred female and retain data from the depicted numbness of men. In spite of the fact that Glaspell doesn't come directly out and state it, she is clarifying that she sees men as domineering and mediocre compared to ladies in opposition to the mainstream views at the time this play was composed. Glaspell accomplishes something rousing by utilizing the numerous components of dramatization close by incongruity and the thought of sexual orientation and sex jobs to build up a mind boggling, chilling, and engaging play about something as genuine as a hated lady looking for retribution on her better half and two ladies utilizing straightforward â€Å"trifles† to get why.

Pyscological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Pyscological Disorders Essay Behaviorism has a wide range of qualities and shortcomings. One quality of the methodology is that is has effectively applied old style and operant condition to its speculations. This is quality as it is utilized in various treatments, for example, precise desensitization, which is a sort of conduct treatment to help conquer fears and other tension issue; it depends on old style molding. Another quality is that it utilizes logical strategies for inquire about creation it considerably more target, quantifiable and perceptible just as having the option to get dependable outcomes. A case of this is Banduras’ bobo doll of investigation of animosity. In any case, there are likewise shortcomings to this methodology. The Behaviorism approach concentrates a lot on the â€Å"nurture† side of nature/support banter and proposes that all conduct is found out. In any case, investigate has indicated that psychological and natural components have been demonstrated to influence individual’s conduct. For instance, individuals learn conduct by watching others getting compensated for specific activities. Another shortcoming is the moral issues brought by utilizing creatures up in tests. This is on the grounds that creatures can't agree to participate and can't pull back themselves from tests, for instance, Pavlov’s hound examines. A significant quality of this hypothesis is that it is brisk and reasonable. As the behaviorism hypothesis centers around the future and what's going on now rather than the past, treatment can be brisk and powerful as they are not talking about past encounters which might be tedious. In any case, since this hypothesis disregards past encounters and impacts, it might cause issues as people may need to examine past encounters so as to sift through their feelings. Since this hypothesis disregards them and spotlights on present encounters it can cause a significant issue as individuals will most likely be unable to profit by the treatment as they have to talk about their past. * Social Learning Theory: The Social Learning hypothesis was built up my Albert Bandura who accepted that we can learn by watching others. This hypothesis be that as it may, has various qualities and shortcomings. One of the extraordinary qualities of the social learning hypothesis is that it joins significant models of learning. This accordingly makes it decent training hypothesis. Another quality is that youngsters are seen are anything but difficult to educate and any kid can be instructed. Albert accepted that inspiration comes to a great extent through recognition. The commendation, notwithstanding, is seen by implication, since the model is lauded, not the youngster. When roused, the model gives the majority of instructing. The general idea is that kids the perfect condition to start learning valuable aptitudes. Another quality is that it is a simple hypothesis to handle and it is by all accounts commonly demonstrated by genuine encounter. For instance, when figuring out how to play football, people frequently first watch a game on TV, which gives the motivation and inspiration to figure out how to play. In any case, there are shortcomings that question if this hypothesis is right. The primary shortcoming of this hypothesis is that is does exclude the child’s psychological turn of events. While there are some subjective bits of knowledge in the social learning hypothesis, they are not clarified. Albert accepted that a kid was viewed as a wipe, engrossing data through demonstrating. In any case, the child’s commitment to how models are consumed is handled and turned out through time and is absent to any degree in the hypothesis. Another shortcoming is that is doesn't have any given reason. The social learning hypothesis clarifies that inspiration exists however acclaim. Be that as it may, it appears that inspiration is socially adapted, and thusly relative. The social learning at that point accepts the essential social structure as regularizing and standard, without judgment. * Psychodynamic: This hypothesis was created by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erickson and accepted that we are not constantly mindful of all parts of ourselves. They overlooked all science speculations and centered going â€Å"inside the head†. Anyway this hypothesis has various qualities and shortcomings. One quality of the psychodynamic hypothesis is that is centered around the impacts that youth tests have on the character. This is a quality since Freud was the main clinician to understand the significance of youth. It additionally prompted different clinicians including Piaget creating speculations on adolescence. Another quality is that it considers both nature and support. This is a significant quality as is underscore the significance of both. For instance, Freud’s suspicion of youth encounters concentrated on support though the ID, Ego and Super-inner self concentrated on nature. Notwithstanding, a shortcoming of the psychodynamic approach is that it is fit for being tried. This is a shortcoming in light of the fact that the suspicions can't be experimentally estimated or refuted, for instance, is the possibility of the brain being part into three sections. This can't be demonstrated so in this way questions if its substantial data. Another shortcoming is that it proposes that all conduct is pre-decided and individuals don't have unrestrained choice. * Biological methodology: The natural methodology was created by Arnold Gessel who clarified the formative procedure and stages required from origination onwards. A quality of this hypothesis is that it is logical. This is a significant quality in light of the fact that the analyses utilized are quantifiable, objective and can be rehashed to get dependable outcomes. Likewise, the specialist has more command over the variable. Another quality of the methodology is that it improves the probability of having the option to treat individuals with unusual conduct and gives clarifications about the reasons for conduct. This is a significant quality as it very well may be utilized to improve people’s lives. Be that as it may, a shortcoming of the organic methodology is that is concentrates a lot on the â€Å"nature† side of the nature/sustain banter. It contends that conduct is brought about by hormones, synapses and hereditary qualities. Another shortcoming of the natural methodology is that it creates hypotheses about clutters and sums them up to apply to everybody. It doesn't consider the view that people are one of a kind. A model for is that general adaption condition expect that everybody reacts similarly to pressure yet doesn't consider that a few people have or need more help than others. * Cognitive: The Cognitive hypothesis was improvement by Jean Piaget who accepted youngsters are brought into the world with an extremely fundamental mental structure, hereditarily acquired and developed, in which all ensuing learning and information is based. One quality of the subjective methodology is that is sees perspectives which were disregarded by different therapists, particularly behaviorists. It takes a gander at procedures, for example, memory, consideration and discernment which all affect our conduct. Another quality of this methodology is that its hypotheses have been applied to intellectual treatments, for example, normal emotive treatment which is a treatment that centers around settling enthusiastic and social issues and helping individuals to lead more joyful and additionally satisfying lives. This treatment has been effective in changing silly considerations with the goal that conduct improves. In any case, a shortcoming of the psychological methodology is that it lessens human conduct down to singular procedures, for example, memory and consideration. This is a shortcoming in light of the fact that the human is a result of the considerable number of procedures cooperating and not simply singular parts. Another shortcomings is that the methodology is excessively mechanical, it looks at the human to PCs and recommends they have comparable however forms. This is a shortcoming as people are substantially more perplexing than PCs. * Humanistic: The humanistic methodology was created by an analyst called Abraham Maslow who watched the investigation of the entire individual. He took a gander at human conduct through the eyes of the watched, however through the eyes of the individual doing the acting. A quality of this hypothesis is that is centers around both the positive idea of mankind and the choice related with change. Another quality is the manner by which a large number of its perspectives fit well with different methodologies. Numerous treatments have given a progressively humanistic hint in their work with customers. Despite the fact that they may contend that the humanistic hypothesis doesn't go far enough, they see the advantage in helping individuals change. Nonetheless, a shortcoming of this hypothesis if that is seems to focus on its absence of solid treatment on explicit issues. With the fundamental idea driving the hypothesis being through and through freedom, it is hard to create medicines and study the viability of this hypothesis. Furthermore, there are the individuals who accept that the humanistic hypothesis doesn't help those with progressively serious character or emotional well-being issues. Another shortcoming is that this hypothesis is as yet not complete as there are various inquiries that are as yet unanswered. For instance, are individuals fundamentally acceptable or are their a few people who are not equipped for this? As these inquiries are as yet unanswered it questions if the hypothesis is powerful.

The Principle Of Utility - Free Essay Example

In John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism, he describes and explains the principle of utility and its importance to morality. Mills also breaks down the difference between direct and indirect normative utilitarianism. Bernard Williams piece Critiques on Utilitarianism shows a different side of the idea providing a different valuable perspective. I will be exploring Mills view and relating his ideas to some of Williams critiques. John Stuart Mills principle of utility provides us with a map to happiness. Mills speaks a lot of utility which means general well being or happiness. This principle of utility Mills mills speaks of is, also known as the First Principle or Greatest Happiness Principle. This principle means actions are right if they tend to promote happiness, and wrong if they tend to produce unhappiness. Unhappiness is pain and the lack of pleasure. This first principle says that when we perform good actions, we ultimately produce happiness. Mill makes an argument that the principle of utility is the first principle of morality. Morality tells us how we should act, this provides a guide to action, working to achieve a desired end goal. It is difficult to decide what is right and wrong so having a guide helps direct morality. Mills says that having such a foundation is fundamental for morality to have any legitimacy. This first principle leads toward moral progress. If happiness is the end goal of morality, moral action increases the amount of utility. Once happiness is recognized as the moral standard, natural attitude will nurture views that encourage utilitarianism. In Bernard Williams A Critique of Utilitarianism he tells the hypothetical case of George the chemist who is in the midst of a moral dilemma. George faces the decision to work on weapons he does not support and slow it down, or decline the offer and let someone who will get it done efficiently step into place. A utilitarian would say that the building of weapons is Georges fault because he would be letting someone more effective take the job. George would be just as responsible for the things he failed to prevent. Utilitarianism removes thoughts of how someone would feel about the circumstance. In this scenario George would feel directly responsible for the work he would be doing to promote weapons. Williams argues that the utilitarian view for why George should take the job is wrong. He explains the psychological effect on George in the long run would not create happiness if he takes the job. The utilitarian point of view disregards Georges feelings completely undermining utilitarianism in its purest form. I agree with Mills and think that we should strive to create a world that brings happiness. However I also agree with Williams in that integrity and emotions should be valued and accounted for in the process. Because utilitarianism only thinks of the consequences it appears that George accepting the job brought about the best consequences. I however believe that it is importance to honor Georges conscience. It is because of this I fell more aligned with Williams argument. It is negligent to disregard the emotions of a person and only worry about actions. Utilitarianism teaches that integrity is not important. A persons integrity is instrumentally important in creating who they are. We all must chose the point that we will not cross and intercity plays a crucial role in this.

Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby,...

ent Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma Joshua Stewart Kaplan University PS360- Unit 4 Assignment Prof. Chrystal Ayala June 15, 2015 Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma Applied Behavioral Analysis is a natural science that aims to systematically apply intervention processes using the behavior learning theory in order to remove or change undesirable socially significant behaviors (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). Applied behavioral analysis can be applied in many setting and situations and the intervention process and techniques depend on those settings and individual situations. Applied behavioral analysis is used to modify target behaviors that can occur in†¦show more content†¦Bobby will never know when we he is going to get the positive reinforcement so he will continue to maintain the desired behavior. Mr. Kelly could write down 3 rewards on strips of paper and place them in a jar with blanks strips of paper. Every time Bobby cleans his room, he gets to draw from the jar until he gets a reward. This will also produce a high rate of responding, but minimize post-reinforcement pause. Using operant conditioning paired with positive reinforce ment with schedules that offer the reinforcement so that the behavior response happens quickly and often is the best process of behavior modification for this specific case (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). In the next case study, Jackie is a 23 year-old who was bit by a dog which required stitches when she was only 3. She remembers what happened in detail and the psychological distress from the trauma causes her to avoid dogs at all cost, however; she is engaged to a dog breeder and will need to learn to how to get past this before she gets married in which dogs will be a constant part of her life. Jackie needs help in overcoming this fear so she can live a healthy and happy home life. When trauma and distress engulf a person’s life and in turn dictates their behavior, there are specific principles that analysts use to help the individual overcome this obstacle and develop a modification

Undocumented Immigrants And The United States Essay

I am not the ‘Ilegal’ you think I am, and Immigration is not what you think it is† Why do people cross the line illegally? there are many reasons for undocumented immigrants to cross the united states do with the poverty in the country, high level of education in the united states, and the better opportunity of jobs. Many immigrants decide to emigrate from their country of birth to seek a new opportunity for all the family, but analyze the information is not only one culture a lot of different cultures immigrant to have a better life in the united states. Undocumented immigration is a big issue in the united states because many immigrants come to live the â€Å"American Dream†. Immigrants from all around the different country come to a better economic opportunity, good education, and escape from their reality. First, immigrants move to the united states to get a better opportunity of jobs. The job opportunities being more abundant in America. Immigrants come to America is for better job opportunities and to make more money. In particular, young people, are leaving poorer parts of the world in search of job opportunities in the richer part of the world. For example, in the TED TALK† My Immigration Story† by Tan Le, Le tells the story of the women of her family who escaped the communist rule in Vietnam. Her story is about two person lives in two different worlds the first one is immigrant’s life and the other is the world she found herself in. her mother moves to have a betterShow MoreRelatedUndocumented Immigrants Of The United States Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Undocumented immigrants in the United States cannot obtain a driver’s license since they do not have social security cards and other essential identification documents. A few states, however, have enacted laws to permit illegal immigrants to drive on the states’ public roads and highways. Such states, through their Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), issue driver’s authorization cards (DAC) to these immigrants (Nava par. 1). The policy gives the immigrants driving privilege and helpsRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States1332 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the United States. One of the many vulnerable populations are undocumented immigrants. Undocumented immigrants also known as illegal immigrants according to Wikipedia (2016) is defined as â€Å"the migration of people across national boarders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country† (para 1). The United States of America has one of the largest population of i mmigrants. In this paper, I will be discussing the multiple stressors related to undocumented immigrants as wellRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagesmany reasons for undocumented immigrants to cross the united states do with the poverty in the country, high level of education in the united states, and the better opportunity of jobs. Many immigrants decide to emigrate from their country of birth to seek a new opportunity for all the family, but analyze the information is not only one culture a lot of different cultures immigrant to have a better life in the united states. Undocumented immigration is a big issue in the united states because many immigrantsRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe land of opportunities is also known as the United States, which is a place of freedom when the Gonzales family leaves their home and everything else, to better their conditions. Fifty-eight percent of immigrants migrate to the United States to provide themselves and their children a better life full of freedom and rights never given to them before. The United States provides people with a job and minimum wages which are a major factor for immigrants. The Gonzales family left behind their homeRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States Through Education2191 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica, South America, and Mexico have sacrificed their lives to immigrate to the United States to have a better life. Many have immigrated legally and many more have immigrated illegally. They all have a hope for what is called the American Dream. The ideal life that every United States citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and education, determination and initiative. Latino Immigrants come to America for this hope, to have a good life, to have great education,Read MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Not Be A Citizen Of The United States1574 Words   |  7 PagesWho deserves to be a citizen of the United States (U.S.)? The founders of The United States of America believed people who immigrated and spent years building lives in this country deserved citizenship. They were also keenly aware that making new immigrants wait for citizenship while denying them the very rights that Americans had just fought to claim for themselves would be detrimental to our relatively new and fragile country. Today, it’s a question President Barack Obama and Congress have beenRead MoreShould Undocumented Immigrants Be Deported?1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof undocumented immigrants be allowed to live in the U.S without the fear of being deported and losing their families? Undocumented immigrants who move to the U.S to help give a better life to their families should not worry about being deported. Undocumented immigrants risk their lives crossing boarders, just to give their families a better life. Not all undocumented are rapists, drug traffickers or any of the other things Donald Trump has said about the undocumented immigrant. Undocumented immigrantRead MoreWhat Do Undocumented Immigrants Really Hurt Our Economy?1745 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Do Undocumented Immigrants Actually Do To The Econom y? As of recently, immigration has come to the forefront of political issues in the United States. There are two main sectors of immigration that our government highlights as problem areas: undocumented immigration and immigration from the Middle East. The number one issue brought up when discussing undocumented immigration is its effect on the economy. There is a plethora of rhetoric that we hear and see in our society telling us that immigrantsRead MoreImmigrants And The United States Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesImmigrants have been migrating to the Unites States for years. Many people in the United States have different opinions on immigrants: some are negative and some are positive. Some Americans assume that immigrants are here to destroy the United States, but immigrants are here for many purposes: to support their families, succeed in their future, or to escape violence occurring in their home countries. Many Americans think that once an immigrant has settled in the United S tates that he or she willRead MoreThe Benefits of Immigrants in the United States Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesRecently the United States has experienced a large number of immigrants coming over to the country within the 2000s. In recent studies, there are about 11.5 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. The undocumented immigrant population has grown 27% between 2000 to 2009. Immigrants from Mexico make up 59% of the undocumented immigrants in the United States. These undocumented immigrants can help the economy and country grow. These undocumented immigrants do have some downside to them

Foundation of Management Activities

Question: Discuss about the Foundation of Management Activities. Answer: Introduction The business world consists of activities in and within buying, selling of goods and services, which take place both locally and globally. The business world is affected with issues of management, since managers play a crucial role in the success o many businesses. In doing so, there are different principles that these individual uses, to run their businesses whether they are small or large scale in nature (Pricop 2012, p. 28-56). The contemporary business world employs different principles, set out in various theories of management including the classical management theory, the contingency management theory, and the behavioral theory, the X and Y management theory, he systems view theory, among others. In the contemporary world unlike the industrial age when the classical theory of management was most common, institutions embrace a combination of different approaches. For instance, the Coca-Cola a company, an international beverage company uses a combination of all these management theories in different parts of the world, in order to ensure that profits are maintained and that their brands continue selling highly everywhere (Nikulina Khomenko 2015, p. 441-445). Today, using a fit it all approach may lead to many problems to managers. Therefore, it is only important that management policies are flexible to accommodate all the advantageous aspect of individual theories, as long as productivity and efficiency are guaranteed. Different scholars including Schermerhorn et al (2012) have discussed these theories. The major theories include the classical management theory, the behavioral management approach, the systems view theory, and the contingency management approach. The management approaches have been used for some time, since the industrial age, in different parts of the world. While some institutions favor the use of one or two of the approaches, others embrace the sure o all of them (Pricop 2012, p. 28-56). However as time goes by, it has been evident that local and international business policies have shaped these theories. For instance, labour laws; continue to bring change in management in regard to policies on employee welfare at work. The Most Relevant Management Approach Classical Management The classical management theory may be the most relevant area of management. According to Schermerhorn et al, the classical management theory mainly focuses on workers productivity, efficiency on duty and their output but not the variation of their individual behaviors at work. Other scholars have indicated that the classical management approach combines the characteristics of not only the bureaucratic and the administrative theories but also the scientific theory of management (Bao 2015, p. 433-454). The classical management approach tries to ensure that consumer and investor benefits are maximized consistently and remain above fair levels. Schermerhorn et al (2012) indicates that Henri Fayol, Fredrick Taylor, and Max Weber were the theorists that developed this approach. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Classical Management Theory The theory is considered to have an advantage over other theories by Killen et al (2012, p. 525-538), since it is mainly based on the hierarchical organizational structure that defines the particular objectives and responsibilities of every manager at different organizational management levels. Secondly, the classical management approach advocates for the division of labour and thus emphasizing on specialization on particular duties for workers. According to Schermerhorn et al (2012), division of labour as supported by the classical theory is one of the crucial strategies that any management may need to use in order to boost the performance of employees within a firm and reduce the total costs of operation within the firm. On the other hand, the classical theory is believed to be the best approach in management as it enables faster and efficient decision-making process. However, critics of the classical theory as shown by Pricop (2012, p. 28-56) have indicated that the major disadvan tage that the theory holds is that it lowers the motivation of employees, organizational growth and creativity among these individuals. At the same time, classical management may discourage teamwork as specialization makes people mainly concentrate on their areas of knowledge. Further, the classical approach to management tends to ignore workers desires. While it focuses on the success of the set objectives within an organization, this approach does not favor the wishes of workers more so in the latest millennial workforces. Considering Maslows hierarchy of needs in motivational approaches for workers, it is clear that human beings move to satisfy their most basic needs before moving on to satisfy secondary needs, within the hierarchy. Schermerhorn et al (2012) seem to agree that the classical management theory may just contradict this view under the Maslows hierarchy of needs, as it ignores the needs of workers, both basic and secondary in nature. Other Areas of Management Behavioral Management Approaches in Management The behavioral management theory includes approaches that concentrate on motivation of the workforce in order to realize institutional productivity, efficiency, and higher output. Schermerhorn et al (2012), argue that the behavioral management theory involves the analysis of the expectations of every employee, the dynamics that exist within the workers, conflict resolution approaches, personal interests, and teamwork needs. It is thus clear that the behavioral management approach is absolutely contrasted to the classical management theory as the later completely ignores the needs of the worker and instead focuses on the outcomes of institutional productivity (Marshall 2008, p. 413-435). Schermerhorn et al (2012) indicate that Elton Mayo was one of the earliest behavioral theorists who examined a number of workers teams and further carried out experiments to show how the workers responded and the extent to which their productivity could be affected. Elton Mayo relied on the Hawthorne Effect, which is a renowned behavioral change, which occurs where an individual is aware that they are being observed. From the findings of these experiments, conclusions were drawn that workers can increases their productivity once accorded special privileges including free lunch and more independence on duty. Further, Schermerhorn et al (2012) agree with Mayos theory that cliques and leadership skills among the workers impact on the productivity of the workers. Nikulina Khomenko (2015, p. 441-445) argue that despite the behavioral theory should have been the best approach more so in the Industrial Age in Europe and across the world. While the classical approach is said to assume workers to be cogs in a given machine while concentrating on maximizing the overall productivity through pure workforce efficiency behavioral management approach views the workers to be individuals that require varying motivational factors from one another. Contingency Management Approach The contingency management approach as presented by Schermerhorn et al (2012) assumes that the effectiveness of management is contingent, and/or relies on the interplay that emerges between applying behaviors of management and the particular situations. In this regard, the contingency management theory advocates for a change in management, depending on the circumstances that emerge within an institution, at any given time. As advanced by Fred Fielder a management psychologist, the contingency theory stipulates that the effectiveness of leadership in relation to the effectiveness of workers groups consist of both task motivation/relation motivation and the current circumstances(Rosenberg Ferlie 2014, p.1-19). The contingency management approach measures task motivation and/or the relation motivation using the Least Preferred Co-Worker scale (LPC). According to Fielder, individuals who have a higher score on the LPC score tend to maintain harmony in regard to their relationships with other workers. On the other hand, those people that rate lower on the LPC scale are motivated to focus mainly on accomplishing their duties and/or specific tasks. Schermerhorn et al (2012), indicate that both task/relations motivations remain contingent, whether the manager can manage to control and effect the situational favorability of the group of workers, or the outcome. The contingency theory indicates that a manager can assess an institutional management situational favorability using three major factors. These include the leader-member relations, the task structure, and the position power (Czekaj ZiÄâ„ ¢bicki 2013, p. 156). The leader-member relations as a factor tend to address the perception of the managers regarding their perception of their cooperative relations with the institutional subordinates. The task structure is related to as whether the tasks are highly structured and thus subject to the standard procedures and adequate assessment measures. While some tasks may be easy to be structured, standardized, and assessed, some may not (Bitektine Miller 2014, p. 115-130). The position power as a factor in management tends t o inquire whether the level of authority of the manager is based mainly on punishing and/or rewarding employee behavior. According to Schermerhorn et al(2012), the position power as a factor tries to determine as to whether the managers derives their authority from the provision of bonuses to workers for meeting the institutional goals or through termination of employees for failing to meet particular goals. The interaction among these three major factors leads to various situations in management. These situations are categorized as favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable ones. In agreement with Schermerhorn et al (2012), either a high or a low LPC-score manager can handle these situations better. Majority of management psychologists argue that the high LPC-score managers are mostly effective in terms of influencing the behaviors of different employee groups within the intermediate situations (Jeffrey 2012, p. 63-78). On the other hand, low-rate LPC managers can mostly be effective in influencing employee behavior more so during the favorable and/or unfavorable situations. Systems View Theory in Management The systems theory of management stipulates that every organization is a system and is thus part of the larger systems.In this regard, the way a subsystem can fit the requirements of the larger systems absolutely determines if such a subsystem will prosper or can be left to fail in productivity and efficiency. According to Schermerhorn et al (2012), the systems view approach in management involves looking outward and beyond the company-office building walls. Brahm Tarzijn (2013, p. 224-245) indicate that looking and considering the world to be a collection of different systems that create a whole is one of the strategies of the systems view theory. Further, the examination of the relationships between individual systems in order to determine their impact on the whole system, is imperative. Schermerhorn et al (2012) describe the systems view theory in two different ways. First, every system plays a major role within the higher-level system, where it exists. Secondly, every subsystem is divided into components and/or subsystems which mutually interact and thus contributing wholly to the objectives of the parent system. Therefore, in line with Hill Gareth (2012, p. 45-50), the success of an institution relies on the performance of the individual subsystems within a given institution, and the favorable conditions set up by larger systems, under which an institution exists. Conclusion In conclusion, this presentation is a commentary on the four areas of management as advanced by Schermerhorn et al (2012). These include the behavioral management theory; the systems view management theory, the contingency management approach, and the classical management theory. It also includes the views of other scholars and critics to these theories. Despite the advantages of some of these approaches over others, it is essential managers to combine them in running their institutions. This will boost efficiency, productivity, worker motivation, and general system performance in an industry. References Bao, G. (2015). What theories are needed for strategic management? Nankai Business Review International, 6(4), 433-454. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-05-2015-0012 Bitektine, A. Miller, D. (2014). Methods, Theories, Data, and the Social Dynamics of Organizational Research. Journal Of Management Inquiry, 24(2), 115-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056492614546897 Brahm, F. Tarzijn, J. (2013). Transactional hazards, institutional change, and capabilities: Integrating the theories of the firm. Strat. Mgmt. J., 35(2), 224-245. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2094 Czekaj, J. ZiÄâ„ ¢bicki, B. (2013). Positive organizational scholarship against evolution of management theories and concepts. Organization And Management, 2013(3 (156). https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oam-2013-0022 Killen, C., Jugdev, K., Drouin, N., Petit, Y. (2012). Advancing project and portfolio management research: Applying strategic management theories. International Journal Of Project Management, 30(5), 525-538. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.12.004 Marshall, N. (2008). Cognitive and Practice-based Theories of Organizational Knowledge and Learning: Incompatible or Complementary?. Management Learning, 39(4), 413-435. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507608093712 Nikulina, I. Khomenko, I. (2015). Cognitive Management: Theory and Practice in the Organization. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 166, 441-445. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.550 Pricop, O. (2012). Critical Aspects in the Strategic Management Theory. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 58, 98-107. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.983 Rosenberg Hansen, J. Ferlie, E. (2014). Applying Strategic Management Theories in Public Sector Organizations: Developing a typology. Public Management Review, 18(1), 1-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.957339 John R. Schermerhorn, Paul Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, Peter Woods, So Ling Chau., (2012). Management Foundations and Applications. Published by John Wiley Sons. McDougal Street:Milton Qld 4064. Jeffrey A Miles. (2012). Management and Organization Theory : a Jossey-Bass Reader. Published by John Wiley Sons, 2012. Hill, Charles W.L., Gareth R. Jones. (2012) Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Cengage Learning, 10th Edition.