Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby,...

ent Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma Joshua Stewart Kaplan University PS360- Unit 4 Assignment Prof. Chrystal Ayala June 15, 2015 Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma Applied Behavioral Analysis is a natural science that aims to systematically apply intervention processes using the behavior learning theory in order to remove or change undesirable socially significant behaviors (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). Applied behavioral analysis can be applied in many setting and situations and the intervention process and techniques depend on those settings and individual situations. Applied behavioral analysis is used to modify target behaviors that can occur in†¦show more content†¦Bobby will never know when we he is going to get the positive reinforcement so he will continue to maintain the desired behavior. Mr. Kelly could write down 3 rewards on strips of paper and place them in a jar with blanks strips of paper. Every time Bobby cleans his room, he gets to draw from the jar until he gets a reward. This will also produce a high rate of responding, but minimize post-reinforcement pause. Using operant conditioning paired with positive reinforce ment with schedules that offer the reinforcement so that the behavior response happens quickly and often is the best process of behavior modification for this specific case (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). In the next case study, Jackie is a 23 year-old who was bit by a dog which required stitches when she was only 3. She remembers what happened in detail and the psychological distress from the trauma causes her to avoid dogs at all cost, however; she is engaged to a dog breeder and will need to learn to how to get past this before she gets married in which dogs will be a constant part of her life. Jackie needs help in overcoming this fear so she can live a healthy and happy home life. When trauma and distress engulf a person’s life and in turn dictates their behavior, there are specific principles that analysts use to help the individual overcome this obstacle and develop a modification

Undocumented Immigrants And The United States Essay

I am not the ‘Ilegal’ you think I am, and Immigration is not what you think it is† Why do people cross the line illegally? there are many reasons for undocumented immigrants to cross the united states do with the poverty in the country, high level of education in the united states, and the better opportunity of jobs. Many immigrants decide to emigrate from their country of birth to seek a new opportunity for all the family, but analyze the information is not only one culture a lot of different cultures immigrant to have a better life in the united states. Undocumented immigration is a big issue in the united states because many immigrants come to live the â€Å"American Dream†. Immigrants from all around the different country come to a better economic opportunity, good education, and escape from their reality. First, immigrants move to the united states to get a better opportunity of jobs. The job opportunities being more abundant in America. Immigrants come to America is for better job opportunities and to make more money. In particular, young people, are leaving poorer parts of the world in search of job opportunities in the richer part of the world. For example, in the TED TALK† My Immigration Story† by Tan Le, Le tells the story of the women of her family who escaped the communist rule in Vietnam. Her story is about two person lives in two different worlds the first one is immigrant’s life and the other is the world she found herself in. her mother moves to have a betterShow MoreRelatedUndocumented Immigrants Of The United States Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Undocumented immigrants in the United States cannot obtain a driver’s license since they do not have social security cards and other essential identification documents. A few states, however, have enacted laws to permit illegal immigrants to drive on the states’ public roads and highways. Such states, through their Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), issue driver’s authorization cards (DAC) to these immigrants (Nava par. 1). The policy gives the immigrants driving privilege and helpsRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States1332 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the United States. One of the many vulnerable populations are undocumented immigrants. Undocumented immigrants also known as illegal immigrants according to Wikipedia (2016) is defined as â€Å"the migration of people across national boarders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country† (para 1). The United States of America has one of the largest population of i mmigrants. In this paper, I will be discussing the multiple stressors related to undocumented immigrants as wellRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagesmany reasons for undocumented immigrants to cross the united states do with the poverty in the country, high level of education in the united states, and the better opportunity of jobs. Many immigrants decide to emigrate from their country of birth to seek a new opportunity for all the family, but analyze the information is not only one culture a lot of different cultures immigrant to have a better life in the united states. Undocumented immigration is a big issue in the united states because many immigrantsRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe land of opportunities is also known as the United States, which is a place of freedom when the Gonzales family leaves their home and everything else, to better their conditions. Fifty-eight percent of immigrants migrate to the United States to provide themselves and their children a better life full of freedom and rights never given to them before. The United States provides people with a job and minimum wages which are a major factor for immigrants. The Gonzales family left behind their homeRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States Through Education2191 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica, South America, and Mexico have sacrificed their lives to immigrate to the United States to have a better life. Many have immigrated legally and many more have immigrated illegally. They all have a hope for what is called the American Dream. The ideal life that every United States citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and education, determination and initiative. Latino Immigrants come to America for this hope, to have a good life, to have great education,Read MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Not Be A Citizen Of The United States1574 Words   |  7 PagesWho deserves to be a citizen of the United States (U.S.)? The founders of The United States of America believed people who immigrated and spent years building lives in this country deserved citizenship. They were also keenly aware that making new immigrants wait for citizenship while denying them the very rights that Americans had just fought to claim for themselves would be detrimental to our relatively new and fragile country. Today, it’s a question President Barack Obama and Congress have beenRead MoreShould Undocumented Immigrants Be Deported?1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof undocumented immigrants be allowed to live in the U.S without the fear of being deported and losing their families? Undocumented immigrants who move to the U.S to help give a better life to their families should not worry about being deported. Undocumented immigrants risk their lives crossing boarders, just to give their families a better life. Not all undocumented are rapists, drug traffickers or any of the other things Donald Trump has said about the undocumented immigrant. Undocumented immigrantRead MoreWhat Do Undocumented Immigrants Really Hurt Our Economy?1745 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Do Undocumented Immigrants Actually Do To The Econom y? As of recently, immigration has come to the forefront of political issues in the United States. There are two main sectors of immigration that our government highlights as problem areas: undocumented immigration and immigration from the Middle East. The number one issue brought up when discussing undocumented immigration is its effect on the economy. There is a plethora of rhetoric that we hear and see in our society telling us that immigrantsRead MoreImmigrants And The United States Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesImmigrants have been migrating to the Unites States for years. Many people in the United States have different opinions on immigrants: some are negative and some are positive. Some Americans assume that immigrants are here to destroy the United States, but immigrants are here for many purposes: to support their families, succeed in their future, or to escape violence occurring in their home countries. Many Americans think that once an immigrant has settled in the United S tates that he or she willRead MoreThe Benefits of Immigrants in the United States Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesRecently the United States has experienced a large number of immigrants coming over to the country within the 2000s. In recent studies, there are about 11.5 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. The undocumented immigrant population has grown 27% between 2000 to 2009. Immigrants from Mexico make up 59% of the undocumented immigrants in the United States. These undocumented immigrants can help the economy and country grow. These undocumented immigrants do have some downside to them

Foundation of Management Activities

Question: Discuss about the Foundation of Management Activities. Answer: Introduction The business world consists of activities in and within buying, selling of goods and services, which take place both locally and globally. The business world is affected with issues of management, since managers play a crucial role in the success o many businesses. In doing so, there are different principles that these individual uses, to run their businesses whether they are small or large scale in nature (Pricop 2012, p. 28-56). The contemporary business world employs different principles, set out in various theories of management including the classical management theory, the contingency management theory, and the behavioral theory, the X and Y management theory, he systems view theory, among others. In the contemporary world unlike the industrial age when the classical theory of management was most common, institutions embrace a combination of different approaches. For instance, the Coca-Cola a company, an international beverage company uses a combination of all these management theories in different parts of the world, in order to ensure that profits are maintained and that their brands continue selling highly everywhere (Nikulina Khomenko 2015, p. 441-445). Today, using a fit it all approach may lead to many problems to managers. Therefore, it is only important that management policies are flexible to accommodate all the advantageous aspect of individual theories, as long as productivity and efficiency are guaranteed. Different scholars including Schermerhorn et al (2012) have discussed these theories. The major theories include the classical management theory, the behavioral management approach, the systems view theory, and the contingency management approach. The management approaches have been used for some time, since the industrial age, in different parts of the world. While some institutions favor the use of one or two of the approaches, others embrace the sure o all of them (Pricop 2012, p. 28-56). However as time goes by, it has been evident that local and international business policies have shaped these theories. For instance, labour laws; continue to bring change in management in regard to policies on employee welfare at work. The Most Relevant Management Approach Classical Management The classical management theory may be the most relevant area of management. According to Schermerhorn et al, the classical management theory mainly focuses on workers productivity, efficiency on duty and their output but not the variation of their individual behaviors at work. Other scholars have indicated that the classical management approach combines the characteristics of not only the bureaucratic and the administrative theories but also the scientific theory of management (Bao 2015, p. 433-454). The classical management approach tries to ensure that consumer and investor benefits are maximized consistently and remain above fair levels. Schermerhorn et al (2012) indicates that Henri Fayol, Fredrick Taylor, and Max Weber were the theorists that developed this approach. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Classical Management Theory The theory is considered to have an advantage over other theories by Killen et al (2012, p. 525-538), since it is mainly based on the hierarchical organizational structure that defines the particular objectives and responsibilities of every manager at different organizational management levels. Secondly, the classical management approach advocates for the division of labour and thus emphasizing on specialization on particular duties for workers. According to Schermerhorn et al (2012), division of labour as supported by the classical theory is one of the crucial strategies that any management may need to use in order to boost the performance of employees within a firm and reduce the total costs of operation within the firm. On the other hand, the classical theory is believed to be the best approach in management as it enables faster and efficient decision-making process. However, critics of the classical theory as shown by Pricop (2012, p. 28-56) have indicated that the major disadvan tage that the theory holds is that it lowers the motivation of employees, organizational growth and creativity among these individuals. At the same time, classical management may discourage teamwork as specialization makes people mainly concentrate on their areas of knowledge. Further, the classical approach to management tends to ignore workers desires. While it focuses on the success of the set objectives within an organization, this approach does not favor the wishes of workers more so in the latest millennial workforces. Considering Maslows hierarchy of needs in motivational approaches for workers, it is clear that human beings move to satisfy their most basic needs before moving on to satisfy secondary needs, within the hierarchy. Schermerhorn et al (2012) seem to agree that the classical management theory may just contradict this view under the Maslows hierarchy of needs, as it ignores the needs of workers, both basic and secondary in nature. Other Areas of Management Behavioral Management Approaches in Management The behavioral management theory includes approaches that concentrate on motivation of the workforce in order to realize institutional productivity, efficiency, and higher output. Schermerhorn et al (2012), argue that the behavioral management theory involves the analysis of the expectations of every employee, the dynamics that exist within the workers, conflict resolution approaches, personal interests, and teamwork needs. It is thus clear that the behavioral management approach is absolutely contrasted to the classical management theory as the later completely ignores the needs of the worker and instead focuses on the outcomes of institutional productivity (Marshall 2008, p. 413-435). Schermerhorn et al (2012) indicate that Elton Mayo was one of the earliest behavioral theorists who examined a number of workers teams and further carried out experiments to show how the workers responded and the extent to which their productivity could be affected. Elton Mayo relied on the Hawthorne Effect, which is a renowned behavioral change, which occurs where an individual is aware that they are being observed. From the findings of these experiments, conclusions were drawn that workers can increases their productivity once accorded special privileges including free lunch and more independence on duty. Further, Schermerhorn et al (2012) agree with Mayos theory that cliques and leadership skills among the workers impact on the productivity of the workers. Nikulina Khomenko (2015, p. 441-445) argue that despite the behavioral theory should have been the best approach more so in the Industrial Age in Europe and across the world. While the classical approach is said to assume workers to be cogs in a given machine while concentrating on maximizing the overall productivity through pure workforce efficiency behavioral management approach views the workers to be individuals that require varying motivational factors from one another. Contingency Management Approach The contingency management approach as presented by Schermerhorn et al (2012) assumes that the effectiveness of management is contingent, and/or relies on the interplay that emerges between applying behaviors of management and the particular situations. In this regard, the contingency management theory advocates for a change in management, depending on the circumstances that emerge within an institution, at any given time. As advanced by Fred Fielder a management psychologist, the contingency theory stipulates that the effectiveness of leadership in relation to the effectiveness of workers groups consist of both task motivation/relation motivation and the current circumstances(Rosenberg Ferlie 2014, p.1-19). The contingency management approach measures task motivation and/or the relation motivation using the Least Preferred Co-Worker scale (LPC). According to Fielder, individuals who have a higher score on the LPC score tend to maintain harmony in regard to their relationships with other workers. On the other hand, those people that rate lower on the LPC scale are motivated to focus mainly on accomplishing their duties and/or specific tasks. Schermerhorn et al (2012), indicate that both task/relations motivations remain contingent, whether the manager can manage to control and effect the situational favorability of the group of workers, or the outcome. The contingency theory indicates that a manager can assess an institutional management situational favorability using three major factors. These include the leader-member relations, the task structure, and the position power (Czekaj ZiÄâ„ ¢bicki 2013, p. 156). The leader-member relations as a factor tend to address the perception of the managers regarding their perception of their cooperative relations with the institutional subordinates. The task structure is related to as whether the tasks are highly structured and thus subject to the standard procedures and adequate assessment measures. While some tasks may be easy to be structured, standardized, and assessed, some may not (Bitektine Miller 2014, p. 115-130). The position power as a factor in management tends t o inquire whether the level of authority of the manager is based mainly on punishing and/or rewarding employee behavior. According to Schermerhorn et al(2012), the position power as a factor tries to determine as to whether the managers derives their authority from the provision of bonuses to workers for meeting the institutional goals or through termination of employees for failing to meet particular goals. The interaction among these three major factors leads to various situations in management. These situations are categorized as favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable ones. In agreement with Schermerhorn et al (2012), either a high or a low LPC-score manager can handle these situations better. Majority of management psychologists argue that the high LPC-score managers are mostly effective in terms of influencing the behaviors of different employee groups within the intermediate situations (Jeffrey 2012, p. 63-78). On the other hand, low-rate LPC managers can mostly be effective in influencing employee behavior more so during the favorable and/or unfavorable situations. Systems View Theory in Management The systems theory of management stipulates that every organization is a system and is thus part of the larger systems.In this regard, the way a subsystem can fit the requirements of the larger systems absolutely determines if such a subsystem will prosper or can be left to fail in productivity and efficiency. According to Schermerhorn et al (2012), the systems view approach in management involves looking outward and beyond the company-office building walls. Brahm Tarzijn (2013, p. 224-245) indicate that looking and considering the world to be a collection of different systems that create a whole is one of the strategies of the systems view theory. Further, the examination of the relationships between individual systems in order to determine their impact on the whole system, is imperative. Schermerhorn et al (2012) describe the systems view theory in two different ways. First, every system plays a major role within the higher-level system, where it exists. Secondly, every subsystem is divided into components and/or subsystems which mutually interact and thus contributing wholly to the objectives of the parent system. Therefore, in line with Hill Gareth (2012, p. 45-50), the success of an institution relies on the performance of the individual subsystems within a given institution, and the favorable conditions set up by larger systems, under which an institution exists. Conclusion In conclusion, this presentation is a commentary on the four areas of management as advanced by Schermerhorn et al (2012). These include the behavioral management theory; the systems view management theory, the contingency management approach, and the classical management theory. It also includes the views of other scholars and critics to these theories. Despite the advantages of some of these approaches over others, it is essential managers to combine them in running their institutions. This will boost efficiency, productivity, worker motivation, and general system performance in an industry. References Bao, G. (2015). What theories are needed for strategic management? Nankai Business Review International, 6(4), 433-454. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-05-2015-0012 Bitektine, A. Miller, D. (2014). Methods, Theories, Data, and the Social Dynamics of Organizational Research. Journal Of Management Inquiry, 24(2), 115-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056492614546897 Brahm, F. Tarzijn, J. (2013). Transactional hazards, institutional change, and capabilities: Integrating the theories of the firm. Strat. Mgmt. J., 35(2), 224-245. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2094 Czekaj, J. ZiÄâ„ ¢bicki, B. (2013). Positive organizational scholarship against evolution of management theories and concepts. Organization And Management, 2013(3 (156). https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oam-2013-0022 Killen, C., Jugdev, K., Drouin, N., Petit, Y. (2012). Advancing project and portfolio management research: Applying strategic management theories. International Journal Of Project Management, 30(5), 525-538. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.12.004 Marshall, N. (2008). Cognitive and Practice-based Theories of Organizational Knowledge and Learning: Incompatible or Complementary?. Management Learning, 39(4), 413-435. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507608093712 Nikulina, I. Khomenko, I. (2015). Cognitive Management: Theory and Practice in the Organization. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 166, 441-445. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.550 Pricop, O. (2012). Critical Aspects in the Strategic Management Theory. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 58, 98-107. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.983 Rosenberg Hansen, J. Ferlie, E. (2014). Applying Strategic Management Theories in Public Sector Organizations: Developing a typology. Public Management Review, 18(1), 1-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.957339 John R. Schermerhorn, Paul Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, Peter Woods, So Ling Chau., (2012). Management Foundations and Applications. Published by John Wiley Sons. McDougal Street:Milton Qld 4064. Jeffrey A Miles. (2012). Management and Organization Theory : a Jossey-Bass Reader. Published by John Wiley Sons, 2012. Hill, Charles W.L., Gareth R. Jones. (2012) Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Cengage Learning, 10th Edition.

Untitled Essay Research Paper In the Heart free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper In the Heart of Darkness, it is really easy to bury what is existent and what is civilized. The studs that Marlow negotiations approximately, to repair his boat, are really symbolic of his demand to go riveted to world. Marlow feels that he is stealing into savageness from what he sees around him. In the narrative, The Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, there is a all right line between civilisation and savageness and Marlow needs the studs to assist him happen himself in his ain psyche or where his ain world is. The tusk is another object that causes savageness. The people are seeking to happen this tusk, but they are merely acquiring themselves deeper into the Heart of Darkness, deeper into savageness, and further off from civilisation. Marlow is in the Hear of Darkness. Nothing in it is civilized. It is merely natural for a individual to get down turning towards savageness if he or she is surrounded by it. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper In the Heart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is why Marlow speaks about the studs. He says, # 8220 ; What I truly wanted was studs, by Eden! Rivets. To acquire on with the work-to halt the hole. Studs I wanted. # 8221 ; He doesn # 8217 ; t really want studs for his boat. He wants studs for hello s life to maybe salvage whatever sanity he has left. The nightmares and the things he sees are making him lose touch with reality. Mr. Kurtz is a perfect example of losing touch with reality. He is insane from being in the Heart of Darkness. He is a very intelligent man, a â€Å"universal genius.† He is just no longer civilized. Marlow says, â€Å"and rivets were what really Mr. Kurtz wanted, if he had only known it.† If Mr. Kurtz had the rivets, he would have been able to leave the Heart of Darkness and escape from the savagery and insanity, which had taken over him later in the story. The ivory also causes savagery. Ivory symbolizes the only sanity that is in all the darkness. It causes people to kill animals and people just so they can have a sense of reality, but all it does is make them more savage. â€Å"The only real feeling was a desire to get appointed to a trading post where ivory was to be had.† Marlow has a desire to have some light in the middle of darkness. He has a desire for civilization. As one can see, the rivets and the ivory both cause savagery and insanity. These objects determine what side of that fine line Marlow stands in.

The good life chapter 5 Essay

The good life chapter 5 Essay The good life chapter 5 Essay Chapter Summary – Chapter 5 â€Å"Do Unto Others..† This chapter greatly explores the idea of living the good life by presenting its audience with the understanding that, in order to live the good life, one must not only live to please oneself, but to please those around them too. Mackay explores this idea when he says, â€Å"The whole idea of a good life will evaporate if we focus on ourselves, and what we get out of it†. He emphasizes the fact that the good life consists of living a life for others, - â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you†. The author also explores the ideas of the good life by relating it to morals, goodness, solitary and religion and the Golden Rule. The good life is one defined by our ability for unselfishness, the quality of our relationships and our willingness to connect with others in a useful way. The ‘true’ goodness of life that Mackay wishes to inform us of is represented through the ideas. Morals are explored as Mackay tries to show how many of us confuse emotions with morals, when it comes to moral judgments. To do this Mackay uses a vignette called, ‘Henry’s Little Secret’ as it strongly plays on the viewers’ emotions towards morality. The anecdote is used to give the readers a clearer realization of the fact that more often, than not, one mixes their mentions with their moral judgments, which in fact leaves the situation judged bias. Mackay’s main aim in doing this is to present the idea that everyone has their own definition of a good life due to their own moral values towards situations. Mackay also presents the idea of goodness in this chapter, as he tries to further express the fact that the good life is slightly different to each person if you explore it further than living a life for others. He does this by pointing out that many people have different definitions of ‘good’, and that us, as a society, often have to compare good with bad to justify its ‘goodness’. Mackay does this when he says, â€Å"It’s just that these things aren’t what the good life is about†. We also learn that solitary is not a way to live a good life, and that a life lived along is a life not lived ‘good’. He does this to encourage the idea of living a life for others as he says, â€Å"You can lead a blameless, exciting or passionate life on your own, but you cant lead a good life on your own, because morality is about our interactions.† He incorporates religion with the idea of a good life, as he tries to represent it as the main body holding the Golden Rule – the fact that we think of ourselves as members of society rather than individuals. He shows that the idea

The Future of Cybersecurity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Future of Cybersecurity - Essay Example As we have seen $14 billion has been invested by the U.S federal government to empower its security sector (Amoroso & Amoroso, 2007). This research aims to answer some of the important questions that are associated with cyber security. In this scenario, this paper attempts to answer the questions such as what changes need to occur in the cyber security industry of the future and why. And is cyber security becoming more important to national security than the security of kinetic weaponry? The outburst of Cyber Assault The countries which are currently attacking United States include China and Russia. In fact, the chances of cyber security attacks have increased to a huge extent from these two nations because of their original revival in the global economy. The United States has been accusing both China and Russia of current attacks that the United States has been experiencing. The current technological advancement has greatly influenced several nations which have mainly exposed China, United States, UK and Bangladesh. It is quite expected that physical defense associated with countries particularly talking about USA will be affected which mainly with cyber terrors. Threats for controlling systems can be associated from various resources especially antagonistic governments, terrorist associations (staysafeonline.org, 2013). Additionally, for ensuring confidentiality and privacy in the informatics, it is exceedingly recommended that there should be a national level association to demeanor the in vogue studies and prepare reports on issues in the works at the crossroads of cyber attacks and privacy, society level suggested boards that would help speak to these issues from local or community perspectives. In addition, there is also a risk that even the restricted public cyber attacks that have been modeled after the ethics committees to take in hand the explicit situations concerning health data and privacy should be working in order to preserve the restrictions rel ated to the field of cyber security. In this scenario, some of the major suggestions regarding implementation of security measures to deal with these cyber attacks include adopting the restricted, well defined, well practiced and fruitful public security requirements, including a focused assessment of security attentiveness for all public systems, and contemplation for split funding of the work compulsory to achieve ample security. It is an admitted fact that securing the rights of the people and retaining their due confidence is the responsibility taken up by the government and this has been very intensely regulated by institutions (govtrack.us, 2012). President Obama perception on Cyber Attacks A Cyber security executive orders were issued by the president of the U.S.A, Barack Obama, drew the attention by proposing policies that could defend the country from the current torment of cyber attacks

STRATEGIC CHANGE MANAGEMENT NHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

STRATEGIC CHANGE MANAGEMENT NHS - Essay Example Reference should be primarily made to the ‘improvisational approach’ (Smit 2000, p.1995) of strategic change. The above theory is used in a particular phase of change management: the implementation phase. The theory, which has been developed by ‘Redding and Catalanello in 1994’ (Smit 2000, p.1995) has three, key, characteristics: a) it emphasizes on experimentation, b) it promotes sanctions rather than direct interventions and c) it is based on the transformation of existing structures and the rewarding of individuals for supporting change (Smit 2000). Through a different point of view, the Open Systems theory promotes the idea that ‘all organizations are members of an open system’ (Wilson 1992, p.42). ... One of the most known models of change is that developed by Lewin in 1950 (Kew and Stredwick 2005). The specific model which is presented in Figure 1, below, promotes the idea that in all organizations change is implemented in three phases: ‘unfreezing, movement and refreezing’ (Kew and Stredwick 2005, p.221). These phases could be analyzed as follows: a) unfreezing; before change is attempted it is required that awareness of the need for change exists; this phase of Lewin’s model reflects the realization of the need for change, b) movement; the particular phase refers to the actions taken for promoting change; these actions can be differentiate across organizations according to organizational goals, the market conditions and the resources available and c) refreezing; this phase of Lewin’s model shows the transition to a new organizational environment, after the implementation of change has been completed ((Kew and Stredwick 2005). Figure 1 – Lewinâ €™s model of change management (source: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/NC/B0/B58/047MB58.html) Another approach for explaining organizational change is described in the study of Glynn and Woodside (2012). The above researchers refer to the model of strategic change developed by Barr and Huff in 1997. According to the particular model managers are likely to promote changes only in the following case: if changes have already appeared in the firm’s environment then measures are taken so that the organization is able to respond to these changes (Glynn and Woodside 2012). In other words, in the context of each organization changes can lead to further changes, either in the short or the long term. However, managers do not always respond