The Comparison Between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory

The Comparison betwixt Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory on that point are very distinct differences between Psychodynamic and Humanistic instruction only when both ultimately unfold the help and guidance to discover why we act the way we do and why we make authorized choices in our lives. throughout this essay, I will endeavour to explain those major differences and you will see that disrespect these completely different methods of therapy, depending on what the problem maybe, they potentiometer both work very effectively in their own way. Carl Rogers, born in 1902, was the originator of the Person Centred Approach or Humanistic Theory.His work was influenced by his experience of universe a client and a counseling (Casemore, 2006) and he believed a trusting descent was essential in helping the client to grow and develop in order that they could cope with difficulties in a more effective manner and to function more effectively. There is a strong furiousness of the ca ll for for counsellors to think of their clients as great cover up rather than imsomebodyal bodies. Characteristics cardinal for effectiveness in the counsellor/client relationship are congruence, where the counsellor must be genuinely themselves, a complete and upstanding soul.Empathic, which is the ability to understand and appreciate the clients perspective. To live in their world and accept who they are planely and unconditional positive regard which involves accepting the client completely and in a non-judgemental way. Rogers believed that solely worlds birth a natural desire for personal growth and potential so that they raft take duty for their own actions and the way they live their lives. This view is c exclusivelyed the Actualising Tendency. He believed that everybody had an inner need to wholeness.The self-concept is also important in Person Centred commission. This relates to the individuals perception or the way in which they see themselves base on life expe riences and attitudes from those important tidy sum around them when they were young. Abraham Maslow is another theorist whose contribution to the Person Centred Approach is very significant. He proposed a hierarchy of necessarily which he believed were responsible for human motivation and drive. They are as follows Physiological postulate These are biological involve.They consist of inevitably for oxygen, food, and water. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of entirely needs, the physiological ones would come first in the persons search for satisfaction. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs for security can constrain active. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and breakingness can emerge.Needs for Esteem When the first ternary classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do that which the person was born to do. According to Maslow it is possible for people to work towards self-actualisation by practising behaviours which encourage the development of confidence and openness.These include trying new experiences and to challenge oneself, to assume responsibility, assay to be honest and to develop a capacity to trust onself, Both Maslow and Rogers had very similar views. Maslow believed that the well-nigh staple fiber drive was to become the person that one is capable of becoming and Rogers believed that the basic drive was to become the person that one truly is. Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapy, based on the experiential ideal of here and now, and relationships with others and the world, and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s (Wikipidia 2004).Perls did not belive in a single particular surmise. He thought you should forever and a day just go with the flow and work with what you have and what is fortuity in the now. He placed not bad(p) importance on the client becoming self aware and thus developed the Gestalt theory. This therapy focuses more on process (what is happening) than content (what is being discussed). The accent is on what is being done, thought and felt at the here and now rather than on what was, might be, could be, or should be.Perls believed in minipulating the client, bringing them out of their comfort zone and thought-provoking them. To own what you say and do and to be aware of unconscious(p)(p) actions/ countersigns. In the 1950s Eric Berne began to develop his theories of Transactional Analysis. He s aid that verbal communication, particularly face to face, is at the centre of human social relationships and psychoanalysis. His starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, one of them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus.The response from the other person he called the Transaction Response. The person aerateing the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who responds is called the Respondent. Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the transaction wherein I do something to you, and you do something back. Berne also said that each person is made up of three alter ego presents Parent This is our ingrained voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young. Child Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the Child.This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within each of us. When anger or desperation dominates reason, the Child is in control. Adult Our Adult is our ability to think and determine action for ourselves, based on true data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we limit our Parent and Child under control. If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult. Transactional Analysis is effectively a language within a language a language of true significance, feeling and motive.It can help you in every situation, firstly through being able to understand more clearly what is going on, and secondly, by virtue of this knowledge, we give ourselves choices of what ego states to adopt, which signals to send, and where to send them. This enables us to make the most of all our communications and therefore create, develop and save better relationships (Businessballs. com) sounding at the Psychodynamic side, Freud took the view that human beings are never free from their behaviours, thoughts and feelings.That we are governed by past events and reinact them in our present. Sigmund Freud is the father of the Psychodynamic Theory. This focuses on the unconscious aspects of reputation. According to Freud the human mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden in the unconscious. He believed that the conscious level of the mind was similar to the tip of the iceberg which could be seen, but the unconscious was mysterious and was hidden. The unconscious also consists of aspects of personality of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other dedicate is that which is within our awareness.The preconscious consists of that which is not in immediate awareness but is easily accessible (Himmat Rana 1997) Freud believed the personality is made up of three parts. They are Id the oldest part and present from birth and necessary for survival. The Ego existent awareness of self and of the world. Has evolved through contact with the external world and is determined by the individuals own experiences. Acts as mediator between the id and the superego and the Superego parental and social influences. Moral judgement and conscience.Main function is to curb he demands of the id. When anxiousness occurs, the mind first responds by an increase in problem-solving thinking, seeking rational ways of escaping the situation. If this is not fruitful, a range of defence mechanisms may be triggered. In Freuds language, these are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal with the Id and the Super Ego. Freuds Defence Mechanisms include Denial cl designing/believing that what is true to be actually false. Displacement redirecting emotions to a substitute target. Intellectualization taking an objective viewpoint. Projection attributing uncomfortable feelings to others. Rationalization creating false but presumable justifications. Reaction Formation over playing in the opposite way to the fear. Regression going back to acting as a child. Repression pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the subconscious. Sublimation redirecting wro ng urges into socially acceptable actions. Carl Jung was an associate of Freud who disagreed on a bout of issues and finally broke away from Freud with his own ideas.He developed Analytical Psychology and it consists of the following The collective unconscious This is the deepest part of the psyche which contains all experiences that are inherited. The Personal Unconscious This is material that was once conscious but has become forgotton or suppressed. Jung referred to the universal ideas and images of the collective unconscious as archetypes. These are original forms which all human beings in all societies recognise. Archetypes can also appear in shared emotional experience and these unconscious ideas and patterns of thought are likely to surface during momentous events such as birth and death.This shared psychological experience was regarded by Jung as evidence of a collective unconscious. There are four major archetypes of the collective unconscious The word persona means a ma sk and refers to the outward appearance which people use in everyday life. The word anima refers to the unconscious female quality in the male and the word animus refers to the unconscious male quality in the female. The shadow is the inferior being within us which is primitive and animal. It is also the personal unconscious is similar to Freuds concept of the id.The term self describes a state of complete integration of all the separate elements of personality (Hough 1994) Alfred Adler broke away from Freuds school and set up his own called individual psychology. He believed that personality developed through sibling order and placed emphasis on the social development of man. He viewed people as mostly conscious rather than unconscious. For Adler, it was ineffectual to focus on drives and impulses without giving attention to how the person creatively directs the drives. Adler believed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human striving.All individual progress, growth an d development result from the attempt to compensate for ones inferiorities. Feeling unattractive, or dont belong somewhere. Not strong enough or smart enough. So everyone is trying to overcome something that is hampering them from becoming what they motive to become. The meaning of superiority is like self-realization. The striving for perfections is innate in the sense that it is a part of life. Throughout a persons life, Adler believed, he or she is motivated by the need to overcome the sense of inferiority and strive for ever higher levels of development.Everything Adler says ties into the lifestyle. For Adler, meanings are not determined by situation, but we are self-determined by the meaning we attribute to a situation. Melanie Klein had a significant impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory. According to Klein, the infants world was threatened from the beginning by intolerable anxieties, whos e source she believed to be the infants own death instinct.These persecutory anxieties, which were felt in the infants own bodily needs as well as from the external frustrations to those needs, were overwhelming to the infant, and in order to combat them the infant resorted to defenses whose aim was to isolate her from them. Through these primitive defensesprojection, denial, splitting, withdrawal, and omnipotent control of these objectsthe infant put threatening, bad objects, outside herself and into the external world simultaneously, she preserved the good objects, both within herself and externally, by splitting them off from their malevolent counterparts.Perhaps the most fundamental of these processes were projection and introjection, which described the infants first, primitive attempts to differentiate himself from the world, inside from outside, self from other, based on the epitome of oral incorporation (and spitting out) and the infants relation to his first, nurturing/fru strating object, the mothers breast. In Bowlbys approach, the child is considered to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal social and emotional development will not occur.However, different relationship experiences can lead to different developmental outcomes. A number of attachment styles in infants with distinct characteristics have been identified known as secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious attachment and disorganized attachment. These can be measured in both infants and adults adhesiveness is an affectional tie that one person forms between him/herself and another specific one (usually the parent) a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.Attachment theory states that attachment is a developmental process based on the evolved adaptive tendency for young children to maintain proximity to a familiar person, called the attachment figure. Four different attachment styles have been identified in children s ecure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, and disorganized. Secure Attachment The child protests the mothers departure and quiets promptly on the mothers reverberation, accepting comfort from her and returning to exploration.Avoidant Attachment The child shows little to no signs of distress at the mothers departure, a willingness to explore the toys, and little to no conspicuous response to the mothers return. Ambivalent Attachment The child shows sadness on the mothers departure, ability to be picked up by the stranger and even warm to the stranger, and on the mothers return, some ambivalence, signs of anger, reluctance to warm to her and return to play. Disorganized Attachment The child presents stereotypes upon the mothers return after separation, such as freezing for several seconds or rocking.This appears to indicate the childs lack of coherent contend strategy. Children who are classified as disorganized are also given a classification as secure, ambivalent or avoida nt based on their overall reunion behavior. The main differences between the two therapies are that the Psychodynamic Theory centres on the past experiences of the client. By using dream interpretation, free association and others, it concentrates on facial expression at childhood experiences and normal or abnormal development. Humanistic is based on the clients interpretation of what is happening in the here and now.It allows the client to express himself without having to look in the past. (Wiki. answers. com) Rogers believed that the counselling relationship was based on mutuality, in which both the client and the counsellor are of equal importance whereas in Psychodynamic Counselling the Counsellor is regarded as the expert. Bibliography Person Centred Counselling by Roger Casemore, 2006, Sage Publications A Practical Approach to Counselling by Margaret Hough, 1994, Pittman Publishing Sigmund Freud by Himmat Rana 1997 www. Wikipedia/Fritz_Perls Businessballs. com